Form of government: federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Federal Council [68]; Federal Diet [672]).
Chief of state: President.
Head of government: Chancellor.
Seat of government: Bonn (Berlin is capital-designate).
Official language: German.
Official religion: none.
Monetary unit: 1 Deutsche Mark (DM) =100 Pfennige; valuation
(Oct. 6, 1995) 1 U.S.$=DM 1.43; 1 
=DM 2.26.
Population (1995): 81,912,000.
Major cities (1992): Berlin 3,471,000; Hamburg 1,706,000; Munich 1,256,300; Cologne 961,600; Frankfurt am Main 663,600; Essen 624,600; Dortmund 602,400; Stuttgart 598,000; Düsseldorf 577,600; Bremen 552,700; Duisburg 538,100; Hannover 525,300; Leipzig 494,200.
Density (1995): persons per sq mi 594.3, persons per sq km 229.5.
Urban-rural (1990): urban 85.3%; rural 14.7%.
Population projection: (2000) 84,468,000; (2010) 89,822,000.
Sex distribution (1994): male 48.59%; female 51.41%.
Age breakdown (1994): under 15, 16.4%; 15-29, 20.6%; 30-44, 23.0%; 45-59, 19.7%; 60-74, 14.1%; 75 and over, 6.2%.
Doubling time: not applicable; doubling time exceeds 100 years.
Ethnic composition (by nationality; 1990): German 93.4%; Turkish 2.1%, of which Kurdish 0.5%; Yugoslav 0.8%; Italian 0.7%; Greek 0.4%; Polish 0.4%; Spanish 0.2%; other 2.0%.
Religious affiliation: (former West Germany; 1987) Roman Catholic 42.9%, Lutheran-Reformed and Lutheran traditions 41.6%, Muslim 2.7%, Reformed tradition 0.6%, Jewish 0.1%, other 12.1%; (former East Germany; 1990) Protestant 47.0%, Roman Catholic 7.0%, unaffiliated and other 46.0%.
Households (1992). Number of households 35,700,000; average household size 2.3; 1 person 33.7%, 2 persons 31.3%, 3 persons 16.9%, 4 persons 13.2%, 5 or more persons 4.9%.
Birth rate per 1,000 population (1993): 9.8 (world avg. 25.0); legitimate 85.2%; illegitimate 14.8%.
Death rate per 1,000 population (1993): 11.1 (world avg. 9.3).
Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (1993): -1.2 (world avg. 15.7).
Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 1994): 1.5.
Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1993): 5.5.
Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1993): 1.9.
Life expectancy at birth (1994): male 73.20 years; female 79.80 years.
Major causes of death per 100,000 population (1993): diseases of the circulatory system 510.9; malignant neoplasms (cancers) 257.4, of which stomach, colon, and rectum 56.1, bronchial, lung, and tracheal 43.2; diseases of the respiratory system 62.1, of which pneumonia 19.0, chronic bronchitis 14.7; chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 23.6.
Educational attainment (1989){1}. Percentage of population age 25 and over having: less than full primary education 0.9%; primary and lower (junior) secondary 67.2%; primary and intermediate secondary 17.7%; vocational postsecondary and certification for higher education 14.2%, of which postsecondary vocational degree 6.6%, university graduates (all levels) 5.7%.
Quality of working life. Average workweek (1994){1}: 38.6 hours. Annual rate per 100,000 workers (1993) for: injuries or accidents at work 4,808; deaths, including commuting accidents, 6.7. Proportion of labour force insured for damages or income loss resulting from: injury, virtually 100%; permanent disability, virtually 100%; death, virtually 100%. Average days lost to labour stoppages per 1,000 workers (1993): 3.1.
Access to services. Proportion of dwellings (1994) having: electricity, virtually 100%; piped water supply, virtually 100%; flush sewage disposal (1992) 98.5%; public fire protection, virtually 100%.
Social participation. Eligible voters participating in last (October 1994) national election 79.1%. Trade union membership in total workforce (1994): 30.0%. Practicing religious population (1993): 7% of Protestants and 20% of Roman Catholics "regularly" attend religious services.
Social deviance (1993). Offense rate per 100,000 population for: murder and manslaughter 5; sexual abuse 55, of which child molestation 19, rape and forcible sexual assault 14; robbery 76; assault and battery 108; larceny 5,126. Incidence per 100,000 in general population (late 1970s) of: alcoholism 2,500-3,000; drug and substance abuse 650; suicide 16.5.
Material well-being (1994; median income){1}. Households possessing: automobile 95.8%; telephone 98.5%; colour television receiver 96.3%; refrigerator 77.8%; washing machine 99.0%; home freezer 80.2%.
Budget (1994). Revenue: DM 1,553,085,000,000 (taxes 84.6%). Expenditures: DM 1,684,881,000,000 (1991; consumption 43.5%, current transfers 40.1%, debt interest payments 6.1%).
Total national debt (1993{2}): DM 651,180,000,000.
Production (value of production in DM except as noted; 1993-94). Agriculture, forestry, fishing: cereal grains 5,631,000,000, fruits 2,990,000,000, sugar beets 2,698,000,000, flowers and ornamental plants 2,665,000,000, grapes for wine 1,928,000,000, vegetables 1,805,000,000, nurseries 1,580,000,000, potatoes 1,504,000,000, oilseed crops 1,005,000,000; livestock (number of live animals) 26,007,000 pigs, 21,259,000 cattle, 1,732,000,000 chicken eggs, 46,008,000 poultry; roundwood (1993) 36,156,000 cu m; fish catch (metric tons; 1993) 316,373. Mining and quarrying (metric tons; 1993): potash 30,434,000; iron ore 180,000; zinc 14,300; lead 2,100. Manufacturing (value added at factor cost in DM; 1992): capital equipment 319,988,000,000, of which electrical equipment 85,418,000,000, machinery 81,338,000,000, transport equipment 79,522,000,000; chemicals (including pharmaceuticals) 57,581,000,000; food and beverages 39,411,000,000; calculators and computers 25,274,000,000; plastics and other synthetic products 20,029,000,000; furniture and other wood products 15,506,000,000; stone and ceramic products 14,370,000,000; printing and copy machines 12,811,000,000; iron founding 11,903,000,000; textiles 11,409,000,000; precision instruments 10,280,000,000; paper and cardboard products 8,919,000,000; office equipment 8,317,000,000; clothing 7,433,000,000; musical instruments and toys 3,578,000,000; fine pottery and ceramic products 2,549,000,000. Construction (value of construction in DM '000; 1993): residential 108,589,000; nonresidential 67,179,000.
Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1993) 525,721,000,000 (526,591,000,000); hard coal (metric tons; 1993) 64,174,000 (77,884,000); lignite (metric tons; 1993) 221,802,000 (226,086,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1992) 22,205,000 (745,970,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1993) 97,932,000 (119,631,000); natural gas (cu m; 1993) 20,603,000,000 (90,957,000,000).
Gross national product (at current market prices; 1993): U.S.$1,908,570,000,000 (U.S.$23,630 per capita).
Population economically active (1993): total 40,179,000; activity rate of total population 49.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 78.1%; female 41.0%; unemployed 8.7%).
Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1993) 2.3; average annual income per household (1994) DM 75,984 (U.S.$46,823); sources of take-home income (1994): wages 81.5%, self-employment 11.3%, transfer payments 7.2%; expenditure (1994): rent 18.0%, food 13.3%, transportation 10.0%, entertainment and education 7.2%, household operations and maintenance 4.7%, clothing and footwear 4.4%.
Land use (1993): forest 30.0%; pasture 14.7%; agriculture 33.9%; other 21.4%.
Tourism (1994): receipts U.S. $10,587,000,000; expenditures U.S.$41,424,000,000.
Imports (1994): DM 600,966,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 33.7%, of which transport equipment 9.1%, electrical machinery other than office equipment 6.6%, office equipment 4.7%; chemicals and chemical products 8.8%, of which organic chemical products 2.1%, unfabricated plastics 1.7%; food and beverages 8.2%, of which fruits and vegetables 2.8%, meat and meat products 1.3%, milk and milk products 0.8%; clothing and wearing apparel 7.2%; mineral fuels 7.0%, of which crude petroleum and petroleum products 5.0%, natural gas 1.5%; iron and steel 2.9%; thread, yarn, and finished spinning goods 2.8%). Major import sources: France 11.1%; Italy 8.4%; The Netherlands 8.2%; United States 7.3%; United Kingdom 6.2%; Belgium-Luxembourg 6.1%; Japan 5.7%; Austria 4.8%; Switzerland 4.4%.
Exports (1994): DM 673,121,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 49.1%, of which transport equipment 16.1%, electrical machinery other than office equipment 7.7%, office equipment 2.3%; chemicals and chemical products 13.5%, of which organic chemical products 2.8%, unfabricated plastics 2.3%, medical and pharmaceutical products 2.1%). Major export destinations: France 12.0%; United Kingdom 8.0%; United States 7.9%; The Netherlands 7.5%; Italy 7.5%; Belgium-Luxembourg 7.0%; Austria 6.2%; Switzerland 5.4%; Japan 5.0%; Spain 3.2%; Sweden 2.2%.
Transport. Railroads (1993): length 54,994 mi, 88,504 km; passengers carried 1,579,000,000; passenger-mi 36,041,000, passenger-km 58,003,000,000; short ton-mi cargo 45,649,000,000, metric ton-km cargo 66,646,000,000. Roads (1993): total length 395,367 mi, 636,282 km (paved 99%). Vehicles (1994): passenger cars 39,917,600; trucks and buses 2,167,900. Merchant marine (1993): vessels (100 gross tons and over) 1,527; total deadweight tonnage 5,278,000. Air transport (1992){3}: passengers carried 71,000,000; passenger-mi 12,633,000,000, passenger-km 20,331,000,000; short ton-mi cargo 260,000,000, metric ton-km cargo 379,000,000; airports (1995) with scheduled flights 40.
Communications. Daily newspapers (1991): total number 355; total circulation 26,425,000; circulation per 1,000 population 331. Radio (1994): 36,186,000 receivers (1 per 2.3 persons). Television (1994): 32,314,000 receivers{4} (1 per 2.5 persons{4}). Telephones (main lines; 1993): 36,899,800 (1 per 2.2 persons).
Health (1994): physicians 267,186 (1 per 304 persons); dentists 59,211 (1 per 1,366 persons); hospital beds 628,658 (1 per 130 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 5.8.
Food (1992): daily per capita caloric intake 3,344 (vegetable products 65%, animal products 35%); 126% of FAO recommended minimum requirement.
Total active duty personnel (1995): 339,900 (army 68.8%, navy 8.4%, air force 22.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1993): 1.6% (world 3.3%); per capita expenditure U.S.$375.